Biosynthesis refers to the process of creating complex molecules within living organisms, including plants. In the case of the cannabis plant, biosynthesis is the process by which the plant produces its various cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).
Cannabinoids are synthesized in the trichomes, which are small, glandular structures found on the surface of the cannabis plant. The biosynthesis of cannabinoids starts with the synthesis of the precursor molecule, geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), in the plant’s plastids. GPP is then transported to the trichomes, where it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions, eventually leading to the formation of the various cannabinoids.
The specific enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids in cannabis are not yet fully understood, but recent research has identified some key players. For example, the enzyme THCA synthase is responsible for converting CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) into THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), which is the precursor to THC. Similarly, CBDA synthase is responsible for converting CBGA into CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), which is the precursor to CBD.
After the cannabinoids are synthesized in the trichomes, they are stored in the form of their acidic precursors, such as THCA and CBDA. These acidic cannabinoids are then decarboxylated through heat or light exposure, which removes the carboxyl group and converts them into their active forms, such as THC and CBD.
Overall, the biosynthesis of cannabinoids in the cannabis plant is a complex and highly regulated process that is still being studied by researchers. However, understanding this process is essential for developing new strains with specific cannabinoid profiles and for producing high-quality cannabis products for medicinal and recreational use.